20 February, 2013

CORBETT, WILLIAM EDWARD (1824-1904), Architect 

William Edward Corbett, architect for both Ballysteen National School (1860) and St Patrick’s Church, Ballysteen (1861) and the Church of the Assumption, Pallaskenry (1863), was born in Limerick on 19 April, 1824. He was the son of Patrick Corbett and he trained as an architect and engineer. In 1854, he was appointed architect and borough surveyor for Limerick City, a position he held until his retirement in 1899. He was elected a member of the Royal Irish Architectural Institute (RIAI) on 28 November, 1878.

Professional Life

Corbett, while still young, had the great advantage of working with one of the great architects of the period, Philip Charles Hardwick, who designed some famous buildings in England and Ireland. Hardwicke, however, had his main office in England and he relied on Corbett to supervise the construction of some of his buildings in Ireland. In this way, Corbett was involved in the building of the Redemptorist church, St Alphonsus, Henry Street, Limerick (1858-1862) and, later, the stable block at Adare Manor and the Adare CBS monastery and school, also designed by Hardwicke. It will be remembered that this was the era of Gothic architecture, the revival of which was led in England and Ireland by the great AWN Pugin.

Other Buildings by Corbett

In addition to the churches at Ballysteen and Pallaskenry, Corbett also designed several other buildings including: Ballycorrick Catholic church (1858); the Tait Clock Memorial, Baker Place, Limerick (1866); the City Gaol (1866-1868); Sacred Heart Jesuit Church, O’Connell Avenue, Limerick; Limerick Docks (1867-1873); Clonlara Catholic Church, tower and sacristy (1873); supervision of construction of Franciscan Church, Henry St Limerick, the building having been designed by WEC Tenders (1876-1886); Ballybrown Catholic Church (1898); Treaty Stone Pedestal, Limerick; Alterations to St Joseph’s Catholic Church, O’Connell Avenue Limerick (1900); several shops and houses in various parts of Limerick; several public construction projects in the city and borough of Limerick.

          Close examination of Corbett’s buildings reveal that he was much influenced by PC Hardwicke, and less so by James Pain (who designed the Glebe House in Askeaton and the Church of Ireland church in Castletown, Pallaskenry). One of the architectural design features found in St Patrick’s church, Ballysteen (designed by Corbett) and also in the Redemptorist church, Limerick (designed by Hardwicke), is the shouldered arch, used in internal door jambs. As my readers may know, the shouldered arch consists of a lintel connected with the jambs of a doorway by corbels. The corbels start with a concave quadrant and continue vertically to meet the lintel. The Ballysteen church adheres to the classical east/west orientation, with the chancel at the eastern end of the building. The eastern wall of the chancel has three beautiful lancet-shaped stained glass windows. The windows on the northern side are single lancet, while those on the southern side are double lancet.

Architecture of Ballysteen Church

When St Patrick’s church, Ballysteen, was consecrated in 1862, the Munster News described the architecture as ‘pure Gothic’. The reporter also said that it ‘was probably not second to any rural church in this diocese’. Even today, most experts acknowledge that there is an unusual harmony of elements that sets it off as a little architectural gem. The structure was described as 80 feet long, with a belcote on the western gable and a cross over the eastern end of the nave (subsequently knocked down in a storm and never replaced). The new bell chimed for the first time on Sunday, 6 April, 1862, the day the church was consecrated. (MN, 9.4.1862)

NIAH Survey

There is an architectural report and assessment of St Patrick’s church in the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage survey. The following is part of the technical description of the architecture:

Free-standing Gothic Revival Roman Catholic church…comprising four-bay nave elevation, with lower-gabled chancel to east elevation and gable-frontal sacristy to south elevation. Pitched slate roof, having cut limestone coins to gables, carved limestone Celtic cross finials to east elevation of chancel, and south elevation of sacristy; cut limestone belcote with cast-iron bell and cut limestone Celtic cross finial to west elevation. Cut square-profile limestone chimney stack to sacristy. Rubble limestone quoins. Line-and-ruled rendered walls to west elevation. Paired pointed arch openings to south elevation of nave with dressed limestone sills and leaded light to windows. Triple pointed arch openings with dressed limestone surrounds and sills and stained glass windows to east and west elevations. Paired pointed arch opening to south elevation of nave with dressed limestone surrounds and dividing mullions and leaded lights to windows. Pointed arch openings to nave and sacristy, with cut limestone surrounds, and sills and leaded lights to windows. Triple pointed arch openings with dressed limestone surrounds and sills and stained glass windows to east and west elevations. Pointed arch opening to south elevation with dressed limestone surrounds, cut limestone voussoirs, double-leaf timber battened door having shouldered timber architrave and pointed arch overlight. Shouldered square-headed opening to east elevation of sacristy with dressed limestone surround and timber battened door. Retains interior features including timber pews, timber raised cruck roof supports resting on cut limestone stops and timber confessional boxes to rear. Rubble stone boundary wall with rubble stone copings, terminating in pair of square–profile roughly-dressed limestone piers having dressed limestone caps. Double–leaf cast–iron gate. (NIAH #21900303)

In an overall architectural appraisal of Ballysteen Church, the experts carrying out the national survey stated:

The church retains its modest form and size. Its design is enhanced and enlivened by subtle dressed and cut limestone features, including the quoins, finials, belfy, copings, window surrounds and chimney stack to sacristy. Together with the stained glass windows, these features add artistic interest to the site. (NIAH #21900303)

          William E Corbett held the post of architect and borough surveyor in Limerick for most of his professional life, a total of 45 years (1854-1899). In the 1901 census, he lived at 39 Ennis Road, Limerick, with three unmarried daughters. He died on 1 February, 1904, at the age of 79 years, and was buried at Mount St Lawrence cemetery, Limerick. (Dictionary of Irish Architects)

Acknowledgements: special thanks to researchers Kay Naughton and Anne McCarthy.

John M Feheney

Friday, 8 February, 2013

Building of Ballysteen Church, 1861

There is no doubt that Fr Edward Cussen had the building of a new National School in mind before his death in Askeaton on 8 Feb, 1860. This is clear from the fact that, one week earlier, on 1 Feb, 1860, his curate, Rev Marcus O'Cleary, had inserted a notice in the The Munster News and Limerick and Clare Advertiser (hereafter abbreviated to The Munster News) in connection with the new school. The notice read as follows:

The Rev Mr O’Cleary, RCC, Askeaton, has the honour to acknowledge the receipt of £20, from the Rt Hon the Earl of Dunraven, through his agent Gamaliel M Fitzgerald Esq, Tontine Buildings, Limerick, being the balance of his Lordship’s highly liberal subscription for £50 to the Ballysteen Schoolhouse. The Rev Mr O’Cleary, Askeaton, has also to acknowledge with grateful pleasure, the kind aid of William E Corbett Esq. CE, who in the kindest manner, gave £2, for the above Schoolhouse, together with the plan and specifications of the building, as also his personal inspection for the works, all gratuitously offered. (MN, 1 Feb., 1860)

We will say more about Rev Marcus O'Cleary and the architect and civil engineer, Mr William E Corbett, later, but, at present, we want to point out that the land for both church and school were donated without charge by the Earl of Dunraven and that the school was designed by a well-known architect, Mr WE Corbett. The donation of £50 was quite significant for the time, and was probably a third of the entire cost of the school. Mr James Moran, who was subsequently Principal of the school, was an unqualified assistant teacher there at the time. The school was completed in 1860 and was in full operation before work began on the building of the new church.

St Patrick's Church, Ballysteen

Though Fr Cussen may also have the building of a new church in Ballysteen in mind at the time of his death in 1860, it was his successor, Fr James Raleigh (d.1864), who formally initiated the building programme. The architect engaged was Mr William E Corbett, who also designed the nearby school. Invitations to tender for the building of the church appeared in The Munster News on 2 March, 1861. The notice read as follows:

To Builders
Tenders will be received by the Rev James Raleigh for building a Catholic church at Ballysteen, near Askeaton, according to plans and specifications to be seen at the office of William E Corbett, City Surveyor, 37 Patrick Street, Limerick. The lowest or any tender need not be accepted. Tenders to be sent in under seal on or before Thursday 7 March, 1861.
Askeaton, February, 1861

The contract for the building of the church was awarded to Mr Walsh of Foynes and the building was completed in little more than a year. The church was consecrated on Sunday, 6 April, 1862, by Most Rev George Butler (1814-1884), recently appointed Co-adjutor Bishop of Limerick. There was a large attendance of clergy, together with a considerable crowd, which The Munster News of 9 April, 1862, estimated as being in 'thousands'. After the consecration of the church by Bishop Butler, the special homily was preached by Very Rev James O'Brien PP of St Michael's, Limerick.

Benefactors & Contributors

It was noted above that the Earl of Dunraven, in addition to donating a choice site for church, had personally contributed £120 to the building fund. There is no doubt that the Earl’s strong association with Ballysteen (through his ownership of the townland of Ballinvoher) and his palpable support for the project, was at least a factor in encouraging generous contributions from the local gentry and business people in Limerick city. In this respect one cannot but be struck by the absence of any contribution from the Waller family, a landlord with one of the largest holdings (6.636 acres) in the parish and the area. In judging the generosity of the following contributions, it is important to remember that, to get an approximation of these sums in today’s terms, we need to multiply the amount given by a factor of about 350. In other words, when the Earl of Dunraven gave a donation of £120 towards the building of the Ballysteen church, in today’s money this would be equivalent to more than €42,000. The donations of other people should be similarly viewed. A list of contributors named in the Munster News of 19 October, 1861, lists the following:
Mrs Annie Caulfeild, Copsewood, Pallaskenry (per Robert Hunt, Limerick, her agent), £5; Edward J Synan Esq, £5; Major George Gavin MP, £5; John Norris Russell & Co., £5; Capt Dickson Davenport JP, £5; William J Massy Esq, £5; A MP (anonymous), £5; Rev Michael Casey PP, Mungret, £5; Michael J Simms Esq, £3; Robert Hunt Esq, George's St, Limerick, £2; A Protestant Lady, £1; Capt W Fosbery, £1;Dr George Peppard, £1; John Parker Ross, £1; George Heacock Esq, £1; Mr Miniter RN, 5s.

Biographical Notes about some of the Benefactors of St Patrick’s Church, Ballysteen, 1861

Caulfeild, Annie (1811-1890)

Annie Rachael Blake, daughter of an English officer in the military division of the East Indian Company, was the second wife of General James Caulfeild, of Copsewood, Pallaskenry, Co. Limerick. She was born in Calcutta, India, on 17 March, 1811, and married General Caulfeild on 27 October, 1834. The couple had four sons (Wiliam, Henry, George and Alexander) and two daughters, Mary Anne, who died aged six and Anne Rachael, who died aged 36. Mrs Caulfeild inherited the Caulfeild estate on the death of her husband in 1852. She bequeathed the main estate in Pallaskenry to her son, George, and the Milltown (Pallaskenry) townland to her son Captain Alexander Caulfeild. Mrs Annie Caulfeild died at 23 Cornwall Gardens, Kensington, London, on 17 May, 1890. Her remains were returned to Ireland and interred in Killurach cemetery, Pallaskenry. She donated the site for the Catholic church in Pallaskenry and a sum of £5 towards the building of St Patrick’s church, Ballysteen, in 1861.

Davenport, Dickson (c.1834-1872), JP

Dickson Davenport, son of Thomas Evans Davenport, and his wife, Jane Nihill, was born in Ballinacourty House, Askeaton, Co. Limerick, in 1834. He entered the British army, reaching the rank of captain. On the death of his father, Thomas E Davenport in 1856, Dickson inherited the Ballinacourty estate, comprising, at the time, 269 acres, in addition to an estate in Co. Clare and house property in Askeaton. He married Alice Bateman, one of the Tralee Batemans, and through her came into the possession of about 400 acres of land. They had a son, born in 1856, who died in infancy and a daughter, Jane Dickson Davenport, born in 1868. Dickson, himself, died, aged 38 years, at Ballinacourty House, on 20 March, 1872. His wife survived him, passing away on 23 July, 1888. Dickson=s heirs inherited a good deal of property, including 269 acres in Ballinacourty, 663 acres in County Clare, house property in Askeaton and an estate in Tralee. A justice of the Peace, he contributed a sum of £5 towards the building of St Patrick’s church, Ballysteen, in 1861.

Gavin, George (1810-1880), MP

George O’Halloran Gavin, son of Michael Gavin of Limerick and his wife, Margaret O’Halloran, was born in Limerick in 1810. He joined the British army and became a Major in the 16th Lancers. He became a Liberal Member of Parliament for Limerick (1858-1874). In 1850 he owned 738 acres in county Limerick. He purchased Kilpeacon House, Patrickswell, from the Commissioners for the Sale of Encumbered Estates in the 1850s. Major Gavin married Jane Westrop, daughter of Montifort Westropp of Mellon. One of his sons, Montiford Westropp Gavin, born 1858, played cricked for Ireland in 1890 and died at Kilpeacon House in 1922. Major Gavin died on 23 April, 1880. He donated £5 towards the building of Ballysteen church in 1861.

Heacock, George (c.1801-1866)

George Heacock, son of Henry Heacock, was born in Ballinacourty, Askeaton, Co. Limerick, about 1801. He married Jane and they had issue. George died on 7 April, 1866. His wife, Jane, survived him and died in Dublin on 24 December, 1893, and was buried in the Heacock burial plot, Mount St Jerome Cemetery, Harold’s Cross, Dublin 6W. George donated £1 to the building fund for St Patrick’s Church, Ballysteen, Co. Limerick, in 1861.

O’Cleary, Rev Marcus (1812-1886)

Marcus O’Cleary was born in Bulgaden, Co. Limerick, in 1812. He was ordained in December, 1840. After ordination, he was appointed curate, successively, in Bruff (1841-1842); Bulgaden (1842-1844); Shanagolden (1844-1847); Newcastle West (1847-1850); St Mary’s (1850-1854); Killeedy (1854-1857); Askeaton/ Ballysteen (1857-1860) and Adare (1860-1862). In 1862, he was appointed Parish Priest of Bulgaden, where he remained until his death on 8 December, 1886, aged 74 years. He was buried in the church grounds Bulgaden, Co. Limerick. While he was curate in Askeaton/Ballysteen, he supervised the building of, and fund–raising for, Ballysteen National School, built in 1860.

O’Shaughnessy, Richard (1842-1918) MP

Richard O’Shaughnessy, son of James O’Shaughnessy, physician and surgeon, was born in Limerick in 1842. He was educated at Clongowes Wood College, Co. Kildare, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated with a BA degree. He then studied law and was called to the Irish Bar in 1866. He entered parliament in 1874 as a Home Rule member for Limerick City. Following his retirement from parliament in 1883, he held several high offices, including Registrar of Petty Sessions in Ireland (1883-1891) and Commissioner for Public Works in Ireland (1891-1903). He was twice considered for the post of Under-Secretary for Ireland. He married Ellen, daughter of James Potter, Farm Lodge, Adare, and had issue. He was rewarded for his loyalty to the British Government with several honours, including Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) in 1900 and Companion of the Bath (CB) in 1903. He died on 17 August, 1918, leaving a large fortune. He donated the sum of £5 towards the building of St Patrick’s church, Ballysteen, in 1861.

Peppard, John (1798-1881), Physician

John Peppard belonged to the Peppard family of Cappagh House, Co. Limerick. He studied at the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, and obtained the qualifications MRCS and MD. He specialised in psychiatry and established a private clinic for the treatment of mental patients from the ‘middle and upper classes’ at Bush Park, Bushy Island, Pallaskenry. This licensed institution, the remains of which are still visible, was favourably mentioned in several official reports. He married Arabella, daughter of Dr Alexander Eager MD, in July 1838, and they had at least four children. He died at Cookstown House, Kilkenny, on 17 April, 1881. He contributed the sum of £1 to the building of St Patrick’s church, Ballysteen, in 1861.

Ross, John Parker (c.1813-1878)

John Parker Ross, son of Henry Ross, was born about 1813. For most of his life he lived at Castleview, Beigh, Ballysteen, Co. Limerick (in the house now occupied by Victor Gardiner). In Griffith’s Valuation, he is listed as being a tenant of about 60 acres of land in Ballinvoher (from the Earl of Dunraven) and of another 60 acres in Beagh (from William Waller). His death was reported in the Limerick Chronicle of 20 July, 1878, and he was listed as being 65 years of age. He was survived by his widow, Ellen, who died in December, 1889. They had issue. During the fund-raising for Ballysteen Church in 1861, he contributed the sum of £1.

Russell, John Norris & Co., Millers

John Norris Russell & Co. began as corn merchants and millers, but soon expanded to other areas. John N Russell (1771-1853), the founder, has been called ‘the most enterprising businessman Limerick ever saw’ (Lenihan, History of Limerick). He purchased Paul Erson’s mill in Askeaton in the 1840s and expanded this. The mill was the scene of a disastrous fire in 1847, which destroyed the old Catholic church, located opposite the present site of the creamery. The Russells also acquired large amounts of land in Limerick, Ballinacarriga, Kildimo, and Milltown, Askeaton. The company donated the sum of £5 towards the building of St Patrick’s church, Ballysteen, in 1861.

Synan, Edward John (1817-1887) MP

Edward John Synan, son of John Synan, who owned about 2,792 acres in various parishes in county Limerick was born in Fedamore, Co. Limerick, in 1817. He also owned the townland of Ballyvaddock in Ballysteen. Though born in Fedamore, he acquired the mansion at Ashbourne, off Dock Road, Limerick. In 1865, he was elected MP for county Limerick and held the seat until 1885. He died on 8 September 1887 and was buried in Mount St Lawrence cemetery, Limerick. A Roman Catholic, he contributed £20 towards the building of St Patrick’s church, Ballysteen, in 1861.

Note of Thanks: I am indebted to Ms Kay Naughton for her research in the archives of contemporary newspapers for material in this article.

James Caroll Naish, son of Carroll Patrick Naish and his wife, Mary Sampson, was born in Ballycullen House, Askeaton, on 15 June, 1825. He was an older brother of Rt Hon John Naish (1842-1890), who was Lord Chancellor of Ireland. Carroll inherited the Ballycullen estate on the death of his father in 1861. The family tomb is in the Franciscan Abbey, Askeaton. One of his sisters, Mary Caroline, became a Sister of Mercy and died at the age of 32, while some of his own children died in their infancy. He was a cousin of the US film actor, James Carroll Nash (1897-1973).

John Sheehy of Riverlawn, Rathkeale, was listed in the advertisement as Clerk of the Course for the 1862 races. This John Sheehy seems to have been a member of the Sheehy family, who had stables and a livery yard in the Square, Rathkeale. In both the 1901 and 1911 census, Joseph Sheehy is listed as living in number 22, The Square, Rathkeale, and his occupation is described as >farmer and horse dealer=. His son, Michael, succeeded him in the business. The property was subsequently inherited by Maddens, when David J Madden LCC TD, married a daughter of the Sheehys. Riverlawn House was subsequently the residence of the Magner family.  I would, however, invite further information from my readers on this John Sheehy and his descendants.

Westropp, Richard (1821-1909)

Richard Westropp, son of Edward and Elizabeth Odell Westropp, and was born in Ballysteen House in 1821. His grandmother, Sara Westropp, who was the only surviving Westropp in Ballysteen at the time, agreed to marry Thomas Odell, provided that any children from the marriage would add the surname, Westropp, to that of Odell. For two generations this happened. When, however, the time came for Richard to marry, he chose as his partner, his cousin, Elizabeth Westropp, thereby strengthening the Westropp connection. The children of Richard and Elizabeth then dropped the Odell part of the surname completely. The children of Richard and Elizabeth included Edmund Westropp (1860-1939), whose daughter, Philippa, by Phyllis Cork, was the last Westropp to reside in Ballysteen.

White, John P (1840-1892), Landed Gentry

John Patrick White, son of John White and his wife, Eleanor Irwin, was born Nantenan House, Cappagh, Co. Limerick, in 1840. He joined the British army and served overseas, reaching the rank of Lt Colonel. He married Emily McMahon in 1861 and they had a family of four boys (John, Jasper, Thomas and William) and three girls Mary (died unmarried in London on 27 September, 1910), Aileen and Emily. Over the following decades, John continued a policy, initiated by his father, of increasing, through purchase, the size of the estate, to the extent that it occupied 2,447 acres in 1876. He retained his Catholic religion and was a generous patron of the Cappagh parish. His son, Thomas, became a Jesuit priest, while his daughters, Eileen and Emily, joined the Sisters of the Holy Child in England. Family tradition says that the private oratory, still to be seen in Nantenan House, was built by John P White, so that, technically, the house would have the same religious facilities as a convent. This made it possible for his two daughters to live at home during their visits from their convent in England. Otherwise, they would have to lodge overnight in the Mercy Convent, Rathkeale, and confine themselves to day visits to Nantenan.

4 March, 2013

Castletown Church of Ireland Church

John M Feheney

Introduction

Castletown Church of Ireland (hereafter abbreviated to C of I) church is notable as being one of the buildings designed and erected by the famous architect, James Pain (1779-1877). The commissioning body for the church was the Board of First Fruits, an organisation that had come into existence in Ireland in 1711. In 1777, however, legislation was passed by the Irish parliament enabling it to give money regularly to this Board. The intention was that it would then give grants and loans for the erection of C of I churches and Glebe Houses and, additionally, give financial aid to needy C of I clergy. As time went by, the Government subventions to the Board increased and this led to a period of intensive church building. During the period 1779-1829, the Board of First Fruits built, rebuilt or enlarged 697 C of I churches in Ireland in addition to 829 Glebe Houses.  Both Castletown C of I Glebe House and Castletown C of I church were beneficiaries of the Board of First Fruits.[1]

Waller Contribution

The most significant benefactor in the Castletown C of I church building project was John Waller (1763-1836), owner of Castetown Manor and estate. This John was the son of John T Waller and Elizabeth Maunsell, and he later became a Member of Parliament for Limerick. He married Isabella Oliver of Castle Oliver and was a Captain in the Kerry Cavalry, one of regiments raised by the gentry during the era of Grattan’s Volunteers. He was interred in the Waller Vault in Castletown cemetery. He was succeeded by his brother, Bolton Waller.[2]

         The Castletown church cost a total of £1,500, £700 of which, together with the site, was an outright gift from John Waller. Moreover, Waller undertook to pay off the balance of £800, which had been obtained as a loan from the Board of First Fruits.

James Pain

Before we look in detail at Pain’s work in the Castletown church, we must take a quick look at his overall contribution to architecture in Ireland and in county Limerick in particular. James Pain, son of James Pain, a surveyor and builder, was born in Isleworth, Middlesex, in 1779. He and his younger brother, George (1792-1838), were apprenticed to architect, John Nash. They came to Ireland in 1811 to supervise the building of Lough Cutra Castle, Gort, which Nash had designed for Charles Vereker. Both brothers settled in Ireland and built up a considerable practice, James settling in Limerick, while George lived in Cork. Among the notable buildings they designed were Dromoland Castle; St Mary Shandon Church, Cork; St Patrick’s church, Cork; Holy Trinity Church, Cork; Blackrock Castle, Cork; Baal’s bridge, Thomond bridge, Athlunkard bridge, all three in Limerick; Limerick Gaol and Adare Manor (part). In 1824, James Pain was appointed architect for the Board of First Fruits in Munster and he designed and built a great number of the C of I churches and Glebe Houses in county Limerick, including the Glebe House in Askeaton. [3]

Castletown Church

The architectural description of the National Investigation of Architectural Heritage (hereafter abbreviated to NIAH) may be somewhat too technical for some readers, but, it should be noted, nevertheless, that the attention given to it by the NIAH is indicative of the importance of this building from the point of view of our architectural heritage. To continue with a précis of the NIAH description:

The church, built in 1831, comprises a three-bay gable-fronted nave having a square-profile three-stage tower to the south elevation with square-profile, multiple-gabled, single-storey vestries to east and west elevations of tower. There is a pitched slate roof, with cast-iron rainwater goods, cut limestone eaves course and limestone copings to gables. There are pitched slate roofs to the porches, with cut limestone eaves courses and copings and finials to gables. There is a terracotta chimneypot to the west-facing gable of the west porch. There are cut limestone eaves course and crenellations to the top of tower, with square-profile cut limestone finials having pointed caps. The walls are of random coursed rubble limestone with cut limestone quoins. There is a cut limestone plinth course to the south elevation of the tower and side porches. There is a square-headed plaque recess to the south elevation of the tower, with cut limestone surround. The pointed arch openings to the north, east and west elevations of nave have cut tooled limestone surrounds, sill and hood-moulding, with a timber traceried window. The pointed arch openings to the south elevation of the porches have cut and tooled

limestone surrounds and sills, cut limestone hoodmoulding and timber sliding sash windows. The pointed arch opening to second stage of tower, south elevation, have cut tooled limestone surround, sill, hoodmoulding and timber framed window. There are paired lancet openings to each elevation of third stage of tower, having cut tooled limestone surrounds, sills, cut limestone hood-moulding and timber louvered vents. There are four-centred arch openings to south elevation of tower and east and west elevations of east and west porches, with tooled cut limestone surrounds and double-leaf timber battened doors, with cut limestone hood-moulding to those to east and west porches and cut limestone label moulding to south elevation of tower. The entrances have limestone steps.[4]

Architectural Appraisal
This church, designed by the architect James Pain (possibly with his brother George Richard) displays a high level of architectural design and detailing, most notably in its imposing square-profile crenellated tower and flanking porches. Its cut limestone finials, crenellations and eaves courses, as well as hood-mouldings to doors and window openings, add an element of contrast to the rubble stone walls, while the variety of timber tracery to its windows add artistic interest. Its setting within a graveyard, adds context to the site, and makes a notable addition to the landscape.[5]

Acknowledgements: Kay Naughton for research.